The debate surrounding animal welfare often focuses on specific industries where the potential for suffering is high:
The use of animals in circuses, marine parks, and zoos is increasingly scrutinized. Public sentiment has shifted significantly toward "sanctuary" models that prioritize the animal's natural lifestyle over human viewing. The Legal Landscape and Sentience
Providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animal’s own kind. The debate surrounding animal welfare often focuses on
Animal Rights: Abolishing Exploitation and Granting Autonomy
Article 13 of the Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognizes animals as "sentient beings," requiring member states to pay full regard to their welfare requirements in policy formulation. What was once a niche concern of philosophers
Review prepared for interdisciplinary audiences – last updated April 2026.
The relationship between humans and non-human animals has evolved dramatically over the past half-century. What was once a niche concern of philosophers and early conservationists has become a mainstream social, legal, and scientific issue. This review examines the two dominant frameworks— and Animal Rights —analyzing their philosophical foundations, practical applications, areas of conflict, and potential for convergence. and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Ethical arguments are increasingly reinforced by economic and environmental realities. Industrial livestock farming is a primary driver of deforestation, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the overuse of antibiotics in animal farming accelerates global antimicrobial resistance risks.