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| Functional Group | General Formula | Typical Reactivity | Representative Example | |------------------|-----------------|--------------------|--------------------------| | | CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ | Inert; undergo free‑radical halogenation under UV | Methane, Hexane | | Alkenes | CₙH₂ₙ | Electrophilic addition (HX, H₂O, halogens) | Ethene, 1‑Butene | | Alkynes | CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ | Nucleophilic addition, oxidative cleavage | Acetylene, 2‑Butyne | | Aromatic | CₙH₂ₙ₋₆ | Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) | Benzene, Toluene | | Alcohols | R‑OH | Oxidation, substitution, esterification | Ethanol, Cyclohexanol | | Carbonyls | C=O | Nucleophilic addition, condensation | Formaldehyde, Acetone | | Carboxylic Acids | R‑COOH | Acid‑base, reduction, esterification | Acetic acid | | Amines | R‑NH₂, R₂NH, R₃N | Nucleophilic substitution, acylation | Aniline, Triethylamine | | Halides | R‑X (X = Cl, Br, I) | SN1/SN2, elimination | Bromoethane | | Nitro | R‑NO₂ | Reduction to amine, electrophilic substitution | Nitrobenzene | | Sulphur | R‑SH, R‑SO₂R | Oxidation, nucleophilic substitution | Thiophenol |

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Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry by S.M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh . 6. Conclusion

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Systematic categorization of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives. Aromaticity: Explicit breakdown of Huckel’s rule If you are seeking immediate digital resources without

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A PDF version allows students to search for specific topics instantly, highlight sections, and study on the go. | Functional Group | General Formula | Typical

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In-depth exploration of benzene, electrophilic aromatic substitution, phenols, aromatic amines, and diazonium salts. 3. Focus on Practical and Industrial Chemistry